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The process of energy transition in Indonesia towards low carbon remains characterized by the existing coal reliance, the centralized control of energy, and unequal electrification of the archipelagic

Biofuel is a type of renewable energy that has undergone significant development in Indonesia.

The transition to clean energy is a high-stakes structural paradox for many nations in the Global South. They are asked to abandon the use of fossil fuels which have been used by the developed nations

The massive conversion of forests into monoculture agricultural land has simultaneously

Indonesia’s economic growth in several regions, particularly East Kalimantan, South Sumatra, and Central Kalimantan, has long depended on coal mining and coal-fired power generation, creating deep

Persistent inequality between the Global North and the Global South continues to shape climate governance, particularly in climate finance. Although developed countries pledged to mobilize USD 100

Indonesia is at a decisive point in changing to a low-carbon and climate-resilient economic system; however, its sustainable financial environment is still structurally weak. Such climate risks as

Through Perpres 110/2025, the Indonesian government has redefined its carbon governance framework to strengthen climate mitigation and align carbon pricing with fiscal and financial systems. Intended